10 Fascinating Facts About Painted Lady Butterflies

10 Fascinating Facts About Painted Lady Butterflies The painted woman is one of the most natural butterflies on the planet, found on about all mainlands and in all atmospheres. They are a most loved subject of study in primary school study halls and are a recognizable guest to most scene gardens. However basic as they seem to be, painted women have some one of a kind attributes. Here are 10 interesting realities about the painted woman, or Vanessa cardui. 1. The painted woman is the most broadly conveyed butterfly on the planet. Venessa carduiâ inhabits each mainland aside from Australia and Antarctica. You can discover painted women wherever from knolls to empty parts. Its occasionally called the cosmopolitan butterfly, as a result of its worldwide appropriation. Despite the fact that it is inhabitant just in hotter atmospheres, it regularly relocates into colder areas in spring and fall, making it the butterfly with the largest dispersion of any species.â 2. The painted woman is now and then called the thorn butterfly or the cosmopolitanâ butterfly. It is known as the thorn butterfly since thorn plants are its preferred nectar plant for food; it is known as the cosmopolitan butterfly in view of its worldwide dissemination. Its logical name-Vanessa cardui-deciphers as butterfly of thistle.â 3. Painted women have irregular movement designs. The painted woman is an irruptive transient, implying that it moves autonomous of any occasional or geographic examples. Some proof recommends that painted woman relocations might be connected to the El Niã ±o atmosphere design. In Mexico and some different districts, apparently relocation is now and again identified with overpopulation. The moving populaces that move from North Africa to Europe may incorporate a great many butterflies, and relocating populaces numbering countless people are common. In spring, painted women fly low while moving, normally just 6 to 12 feet over the ground. This makes them exceptionally obvious to butterfly watchers, yet in addition somewhat helpless to slamming into vehicles. At different occasions, proof recommends that painted women move at such high heights that they are not seen by any means, basically showing up in another district unexpectedly.â 4. Painted women fly quick and far. These medium-sized butterflies can make a great deal of progress, up to 100 miles for each day during their movement. A painted woman is equipped for arriving at a speed of almost 30 miles for each hour. Painted women arrive at northern zones well in front of a portion of their progressively celebrated moving cousins, likeâ monarch butterflies. What's more, since they get such an ambitious start to their spring travel, relocating painted women can benefit from spring annuals, similar to fiddlenecks (Amsinckia). 5. Painted woman butterflies don't overwinter in cool districts. Dissimilar to numerous different types of butterflies that move to warm atmospheres in winter, painted women bite the dust once winter hits in colder locales. They are available in cool locales simply because of their amazing capacity to move significant distances from their warm-climate rearing areas.â 6. Painted woman caterpillars eat thorn. Thorn, which can be an intrusive weed, is one of the painted woman caterpillars most loved food plants. The painted woman likely owes its worldwide wealth to the way that its hatchlings feed on such regular plants. The painted woman likewise passes by the name thorn butterfly, and its logical name-Vanessa cardui-implies butterfly of thistle.â 7. Painted women now and then harm soybean crops. At the point when the butterflies are found in enormous numbers, they can harm soybean crops. The harm happens during the larval stages when caterpillars eat soybean foliage subsequent to bring forth from eggs.â â 8. Guys utilize the roost and watch strategy for discovering mates. Male painted women effectively watch their region for open females toward the evening. Should a male butterflyâ find a mate, he will typically withdraw with his accomplice to a treetop, where they will mate for the time being. 9. Painted woman caterpillars weave silk tents. In contrast to different caterpillars in the variety Vanessa, painted woman hatchlings develop their tents from silk. Youll typically locate their cushioned havens on thorn plants. Comparative species, for example, the American woman caterpillar, make their tents by sewing leaves together. 10. On cloudy days, painted women can frequently be found on the ground, crouching in little discouragements. On radiant days, the butterflies incline toward open territories loaded up with vivid blossoms.

Concert Evaluation essays

Show Evaluation articles Music is a significant part in our general public. There are numerous sorts of music one may tune in to, for example, rap, rock, overwhelming metal, pop, Rs increasingly current music to old traditional; anyway in the wake of learning a tad in my Music History 100 class and going to the Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra show, I took in slight premium. The show I went to was known as the Kalamazoo Symphony Orchestra. Raymond Harvey was the director of the symphony. The symphony occurred at the Max Fisher Music Center on Sunday October 17, 2004, at 3:00pm. The symphony comprised of violins, violas, cellos, basses, woodwinds, piccolo, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, French horns, trumpets, trombones, tuba, percussion, timpani, harp, console, and the piano. The ensemble played four pieces. The four pieces in the program included R. Strauss, serenade for twists in E Flat Major, Op. 7; Dvorak, Symphony No. 8 in G major Op. 88; Ravel, Concerto in G major for piano and ensemble; and Peter Boyer, New beginnings. The air of the show was serene. It occurred in an enormous symphony corridor, with a huge crowd. The symphony lobby was wonderful it was enriched with artistic creations and gold cutting which set a decent mind-set. I would evaluate around 400 individuals joined in. The greater part of the crowd individuals were mindful and took a ton of enthusiasm for the pieces the ensemble performed. The crowd was exceptionally quiet and conscious towards the performers and didn't offer any side comments among themselves. The crowd applauded after each piece was played while the artists bowed. The thing I appreciated the most about the show was the smoothness of the crowd and the music. It was very not the same as different shows I have gone to previously. The music truly loosened up me in the wake of getting more into the show. The one thi ... <!

Books To Read At Any Speed On The Treadmill

Books To Read At Any Speed On The Treadmill If your daily grind includes hopping on the treadmill, your daily grind can then also include some fresh reading time. Listening to music can get you going, but reading can, too. Here are some suggestions for whatever speed you (t)read. If you’re the strolling kind, then dive into some quiet poetry. Start with the solemn haiku of Basho. Try Bashos Haiku: Selected Poems  to get a smattering of harmonious moments in time. Because his works focus mostly on the outdoors, it’ll be like taking a walk outside. Plus, haiku is short, so you’ll feel like you’re accomplishing a lot of reading during even a short walk. For more nature-infused poems along with some historic elements, Joy Harjo’s She Had Some Horses can do the trick. Harjo’s poetry reveals stunning landscapes and traditions of Native American heritage. Read Li-Young Lee’s poetry for more familial history. Rose offers a collection of poems that is sometimes funny, always sweet, though sometimes bitter sweet. (His latest, The Undressing, contains similar elements but the tone and subject matter gets a little heavier, and might be for a quicker pace). If you increase the incline, increase the pace, or increase both, power walk your way into these types of tomes. Laughing can help burn those calories and distract from a longish walk, so dive into anything by the comedians you love. Read or even reread Tina Fey’s Bossypants. This auto-lit collection of essays gives the inside scoop of her life through her classic wry delivery. Even the serious moments are light. If you’re into comedy that’s also sci-fi and absurd, go for Douglas Adams’s The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy trilogyâ€"reading them in order will help, but if you like the bonus of confusion getting your heart pumping, read them in any order you wish. Either way, you’ll feel like you’re actually moving through the universe as you move on that belt. As an alternative, instead of laughing, you can check out Joshua Ferris’s The Unnamed because it’s literally about a man who can’t stop walking. Motivation! If the slow burn of jogging with a moving incline is your thing, the slow burn of creepy eerie thrillers can be your thing, too. Go with Paula Hawkin’s Into The Water or (reread) The Girl on the Train. Both push you to the edge of suspense, and The Girl On The Train makes you feel like you’re moving as she commutes. Anything by Octavia Butler will have that similar slow burn of eeriness with a sci-fi edge. Fledgling has some vampire moodiness to keep you going.  Also, Lauren Groff’s The Monsters of Templeton will work because there are literally joggers. If you like to run, like really run, like at warp speed, then you need adrenaline. Megan Abbott’s You Will Know Me  will have you running, perhaps trying to run away from all the underground seediness of the subculture of gymnastics. Plus, it’s got an element of fitness. Another non-stop crazy-fest is Lolita Files’s Sex.Lies.Murder.Fame. It’s about exactly what the title says, and yet, you still never see what’s coming before you turn the page. Once your timer winds down, you’ll want to keep coming back to the treadmill not just to work out but to keep on readingâ€"speed reading! (I was waiting to use that pun!) Want some inspiration to get you on that treadmill for the rest of the winter? Check out Aisling Twomeys Books To Push You Through Winter Training. via GIPHY

Culture Is Unique And Unparalleled - 817 Words

Culture is the establishment on which somebody bases his or her life. It is the world around us and what we do within it. It is part of the identity that describes us, the experiences that make us, us. Individuals originate from an ethnic foundation all around the globe. In this paper, I will clarify the genuine importance of culture, state different culture’s people practice and provide a few examples from the movie Namesake. Every culture is unique. Over the years, it is noticeable that culture has been declining in many countries. Individuals ethical qualities are underneath typical societal principles which is the reason the more established eras are insulted by the way things are presently and feel exasperates towards society. However, in India culture still runs strong. India’s astounding diversity of culture is unique and unparalleled. Hinduism is the religion of the larger part of individuals in India. Their religion is intensely rehearsed and enforced. Praying and family values are extremely important prices of Indian culture. They pray to multiple gods and goddesses and fast on certain religious holidays. Fasting is a kind of ritual meant to purify the body and the mind and build up the nature of separation and composure. Faithful Hindus observe fasting in uncommon events as a sign of admiration to their own divine beings. In an Indian culture, after a person dies, it is considered impure to touch its body. After the individual is dead the relatives’ wears allShow MoreRelatedConvergys Code of Business Conduct1397 Words   |  6 Pageslaws, rules, and regulations. The clearly stated Code of Business Conduct is designed to build trust and loyalty among clients and employees. Values: Convergys commits to these values to guide them in their decisions and their behavior: -Unparalleled Client Satisfaction -Teamwork -Respect of the Individual -Developing People -Diversity -Shareowners’ Trust -Corporate Citizenship -Integrity Code of Business Conduct Development The original date of the Convergys Code of BusinessRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Hellofresh970 Words   |  4 Pagesbuild their brand name recognition in the market areas they venture in. Many are also emphasizing on becoming eco-friendly by recycling their packages as well as merging with other competitors to seize more markets and clients. How HelloFresh is Unique or Different: It’s only HelloFresh that has a specific vegetarian only subscription that is more affordable than that of its competitors. The meal packages also bear significant details concerning the measurement of spice, recipe complexity and theRead MoreTraveling Is An Elegant And Beautiful Experience852 Words   |  4 Pagesleave something good behind.† (Anthony Bourdain) Traveling is an elegant and beautiful experience. It breaks the uniformity of life and opens people’s minds to different cultures. According to Merriam-Webster, a traveler is â€Å"someone who often travel†. Putting it in my own language, a traveler is someone who respects different cultures. He chooses this activity as an ideal way to relax and explore different places and foods. 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Lastly, in â€Å"The Mind’s Eye,† Oliver Sacks illustrates how reality differs between individuals by using stories from individuals with blindness. Evidently, reality is in the mind of the beholder and the effects of standardizationRead MoreWestern Art Music : A Constant State Of Flux Since Its Creation1426 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen in a constant state of flux since its creation. Evolving due to generations constantly contributing and evolving music in order to express what they believe music is and express how they feel. This love and dedication towards music has been unparalleled and unwavering for hundreds of years from sacred medieval music to modern day pop hits. Western Art music began taking the shape that we know today after the fall of Rome with Medieval music. Almost all music from that time was commissioned byRead MoreEmployee Performance Management System Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesactivities. Researchers have said for years that a strategy of laying-off people in many cases does not work, and may even backfire, in times of crisis. The situation in the American airline industry after the terrorist attacks of 9/11 was an almost unparalleled crisis. At American, there is a shared understanding that everyone must take responsibility for their own actions. Employees are therefore expected to immediately report any suspected illegal or unethical activity. They have established severalRead MoreFrom a Single Cafe to Starbucks of Today Essay614 Words   |  3 Pageshuman connections, community involvement and culture. Starbucks’ greatest strength comes from expecting customer needs and providing unparalleled customer service. The company prides itself on creating an environment for people to meet, outside of work and home, what they call the â€Å"third place† (CNBC Business, 2011). To formulate a differentiated business level strategy Starbucks must evaluate their customer needs, customer groups, and their unique competencies. This will be the way that StarbucksRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : The New Negro Movement1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Negro Movement, also known as the Harlem Renaissance, spanned in the 1920s in which African American culture attained unparalleled political and social recognition despite the ongoing horrors of being black in America. New Negro was coined during the Harlem Renaissance indicating a more open advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit to Jim Crow laws and racial segregation. The movement weakened the notion of the African diaspora as an event of forced migration isolated in the past andRead MoreThe Importance Of A Clinical Emphasis Position As An Advanced Practicum Student At Depaul University Counseling Services For The 2016-2017 Academic755 Words   |  4 PagesAPA-accredited clinical psychology doctoral progra m at the Chicago School of Professional Psychology. I have a strong interest in completing my advanced training at DePaul University’s Counseling Services as it offers intensive training that is unparalleled in the Chicagoland area. In particular, the student-focused, team-oriented environment is one in which I know I would thrive. I am particularly excited about the multiple clinical opportunities offered at your site such as individual, couples

A Brief Note On Skin Care Product Use Essay - 937 Words

Skin Care Product Use It has been found that skin care product users are positively related to self and health consciousness. Consumers value their state of emotion and physical well-being. In terms of skin care products, it is one of many factors influenced to maintain one’s need for care of general appearance (Yeon and Chung, 2011). According to a pharmaceutical journal by Niha Naveed, on average women use 12 skin care products daily, and men use 6. This following literature review will attempt to support the hypotheses. Normative (social) influence is defined as â€Å"an influence to conform with the positive expectations of another† (Deutsch and Gerard, 1955). Pressure from other peers tend to lead a person to act the same way. Studies have found that pressure is related to skin care activities (Yeon and Chung, 2011). In addition, in a study by lennox and Wolfe (1984) â€Å"participants of the attention to social comparison† (ATSCI) found that a relation bet ween social anxiety and the fear of negative evaluation (Bearden and Rose, 1990). Further, participants that score high in ATSCI are found to be more conscious about others’ reactions towards their own behavior. Within the two studies conducted in a university for the ATSCI It found that â€Å"moderate conformity effects under conditions of more direct conformity pressures† (p.468). Further, information found in public self-consciousness (PBC) show that individuals that score higher in PBC are likely to wear more makeup thanShow MoreRelatedImplement And Monitor Marketing Activities1937 Words   |  8 Pagesbuilding activity 1. A brief overview of your company’s Marketing Plan, including marketing objectives and performance targets to staff. 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That he had left me at the forge – far from contented, yet, by comparison, happy! Joe Gargery, Pip’s brother-in-law, presents wealth in Great Expectations through love and care. Although he has not accumulated a large amount of money during his life; Joe, arguablyRead MoreIndian Cosmetic Industry2631 Words   |  11 PagesHistory Bearing a long glowing heritage of cosmetic and beauty, aesthetic makeup products is being used since olden days and nowadays it appear like a booming economy in India which would be the largest cosmetic consuming country in a next few decades. While the demand of beautifying substances are growing day by day, a large number of local as well as international manufacturers gradually extend their ranges and products in different provinces of India. | | Since 1991 with the liberalization alongRead MoreHomeostatic Mechanisms That Maintain Body Fluid Levels Essay4196 Words   |  17 PagesPhysiology, Edition, 9, pg 163 How have the functions of the skin been impaired? 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Porter 1996)[1]. A strategy is always to secure organizational effectiveness by performing the right activities at the right time and to .achieves the right fit with the external environment. Building upon this idea, a marketing

Character Sketch of Daniel from Daniels Story Free Essays

Character Analysis: ____chapter 3__________________ Your task is to choose a character from the novel and draw a picture of them in the first box. Surround your picture with quotes from the novel, as well as adjectives describing their appearance. Next, describe your character’s personality, family, and the conflicts he/she is facing in the story. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Sketch of Daniel from Daniels Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now You must have at least 5 points in each category and evidence from the novel. For example: Daniel is a ‘†free spirit† because in Chapter 3 he disguises himself as a Hitler Youth and travels throughout Frankfurt, doing all of the things he isn’t allowed to do. Physical Traits (What does your character look like? ) 12 – 13 years old. â€Å"I had to be who I was – Daniel, a twelve-almost thirteen-year-old Jewish boy who carried an I. D. Card stamped with a big J â€Å"(p 28) â€Å"How I had loved skiing – the speed, the cold, the daring† (p 24) Personality (What kind of person are they? ) â€Å"She’s not only beautiful, though, it’s that her inner calm and sweetness shine through her eyes. I love to photograph her† (p 20). (mother) -finds beauty within, caring, enjoys photography, They aren’t all so bad, Mother,† I say, trying to make her feel better. How can I tell her that I’m looking through them to try to make sense of this nightmare? I can’t let her see how upset I am. It would only make her more miserable† (p 21) -Caring, hides feelings from mother, devoted, kind, empathetic, compassionate, concerned, thoughtful, â€Å"I remember Auntie Leah giving me Uncle Peter’s camera when she and her children moved in with us after they took Uncle Peter away†¦ and the first thing we did was turn one of the closets into a darkroom. Then I read every book I could on photography until I felt ready to begin taking pictures† (p21) -Brave for starting a darkroom when photos were banned. Ambitious, motivated, excited about photography, hard working, knowledgeable, patient as he gathers knowledge, likes to be prepared, responsible, cautious, â€Å"I felt it was my duty to take over his responsibility as the family photographer. † Friedrich and I made a pact that we would photograph everything we could as a record of our ill treatment by our fellow Germans† (p 21). Trying to compensate/ take pictures in memory of his Uncle Peter, gathering proof/evidence of German behaviour, historian, loyal, responsible, reliable, trustworthy, makes promises and keeps promises, I remember powdering my face with flour as she and Erika were working and then shouting ‘boo’ at them. †¦ it felt good to be scolded about something ordinary like that – I think it made me feel that things were ordina ry† (p25) -trying to remain positive, make life feel normal, prankster, joker, comedian, humour, How to cite Character Sketch of Daniel from Daniels Story, Papers

Scarlet Letter Essays (515 words) - English-language Films

Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is a book of much symbolism. One of the most complex and misunderstood symbols in the book is Pearl, the daughter of Hester Prynne. Pearl, throughout the story, develops into a dynamic symbol - one that is always changing. In the following essay, I will explore some of the symbolism which Pearl came to represent throughout the novel. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester, for her sins, received a scarlet letter, "A" which she had to wear upon her chest. This was the Puritan way of treating her as a criminal, for the crime of adultery. The Puritan treatment continued, because as Hester would walk through the streets, she would be looked down upon as if she were some sort of demon from Hell, that committed a terrible crime. This would give her much mental anguish and grief. On the other hand, God's treatment of Hester for her sin was quite different than just a physical token: he gave Hester the punishment of a very unique child which she named Pearl. This punishment handed down from God was a constant mental and physical reminder to Hester of what she had done wrong, and she could not escape it. In this aspect, Pearl symbolized God's way of punishing Hester for adultery. The way Hester's life was ruined for so long was the ultimate price that Hester paid for Pearl. With Pearl, Hester's life was one almost never filled with joy, but instead a constant nagging. Pearl would harass her mother over the scarlet "A" which she wore. Pearl would also make her own "A" to wear, and sometimes she played games with her mother's, trying to hit it with rocks. When Hester would go into the town with Pearl, the other children would make fun of her, and Pearl would yell and throw dirt at them. So, in this case, Pearl symbolized the decimation of Hester's life and mental state. Although Hester had so much trouble with Pearl, she still felt that Pearl was her treasure. Pearl was really the only thing that Hester had in life, and if Pearl wasn't in Hester's life, Hester would almost surely have committed suicide. Once and a while, Pearl would bring joy to Hester's life, and that helped her to keep on living. Pearl really symbolized a rose to her mother, at some times she could be bright and vibrant, and really love her mother, but at other times, she could be wilting. It was at these times when she was "wilting" that brought Hester the most grief. One final way in which Pearl symbolized something in the novel was with her association with the scarlet letter. Pearl really was the scarlet letter, because if Pearl had never been born, Hester would have never been found guilty of adultery, and thus never would have had to wear that burden upon her chest. Without that burden, Hester would have led a much better life then the one she had throughout the novel. In closing, Pearl was a source of many different kinds of symbolism. From being a rose, to representing the scarlet letter "A", she was a kind of burden, yet love for Hester. And as a final note, Pearl was more then her mother's only treasure; she was her mother's only source of survival.

Free Essays on Immigration And Cultural Unity

The first move stopping immigration decided by Congress was a law in 1862 restricting American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S. The Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891 restricted the immigration to the U.S. of people entering the country to work under contracts made before their arrival. Alien skilled laborers, under these laws, were allowed to enter the U.S. to work in new industries. By this time anti-immigrant felling rose with the flood of immigrants and in this period the anti-Catholic, anti-foreign political party the Know-Nothings, was already born. After World War I a marked increase in racism and the growth of isolationist sentiment in the U.S. led to demands for further tight legislation. In 1921 a congressional act provided for a quota system for immigrants, which the number of aliens of any nationality admitted to the U.S. in a year could not exceed 3 percent of the number of foreign-born residents of that nationality living in the U.S. in 1910. This law applied to nations of Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Asian Russia, and certain islands in the Atlantic and Pacific. In the 1980s concern about the surge of illegal aliens into the U.S. has led Congress to pass legislation aimed at cutting illegal immigration. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allows most illegal aliens who have resided in the U.S. regularly since January 1, 1982, to apply for legal status. Also, the law prohibits employers from hiring illegal aliens and mandates penalties for violations. Debate over immigration and immigration policy is not new to The nation's history. From time to time, Congress jarred legislation To control the flow of immigration. As immigration rises and hatred Grows more laws will be implemented trying to release some of the Pressure. Illegal immigration has some pros and cons. I will discus... Free Essays on Immigration And Cultural Unity Free Essays on Immigration And Cultural Unity The first move stopping immigration decided by Congress was a law in 1862 restricting American vessels to transport Chinese immigrants to the U.S. The Alien Contract Labor Laws of 1885, 1887, 1888, and 1891 restricted the immigration to the U.S. of people entering the country to work under contracts made before their arrival. Alien skilled laborers, under these laws, were allowed to enter the U.S. to work in new industries. By this time anti-immigrant felling rose with the flood of immigrants and in this period the anti-Catholic, anti-foreign political party the Know-Nothings, was already born. After World War I a marked increase in racism and the growth of isolationist sentiment in the U.S. led to demands for further tight legislation. In 1921 a congressional act provided for a quota system for immigrants, which the number of aliens of any nationality admitted to the U.S. in a year could not exceed 3 percent of the number of foreign-born residents of that nationality living in the U.S. in 1910. This law applied to nations of Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Asian Russia, and certain islands in the Atlantic and Pacific. In the 1980s concern about the surge of illegal aliens into the U.S. has led Congress to pass legislation aimed at cutting illegal immigration. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 allows most illegal aliens who have resided in the U.S. regularly since January 1, 1982, to apply for legal status. Also, the law prohibits employers from hiring illegal aliens and mandates penalties for violations. Debate over immigration and immigration policy is not new to The nation's history. From time to time, Congress jarred legislation To control the flow of immigration. As immigration rises and hatred Grows more laws will be implemented trying to release some of the Pressure. Illegal immigration has some pros and cons. I will discus...

Canada Drops NETFILE Access Code Requirement

Canada Drops NETFILE Access Code Requirement Before 2013, a four-digit personal NETFILE access code was required in order to use NETFILE to file a Canadian personal income tax return online. The NETFILE access code is no longer required. The only personal identification needed is a social insurance number and date of birth. About NETFILE NETFILE is an electronic tax-filing service that allows a Canadian taxpayer to send an individual income tax and benefit return directly to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) using the internet  and a NETFILE-certified software program.  It streamlines the  tax filing process.  NETFILE is considered secure, confidential, faster and more accurate than submitting a paper form in the mail. NETFILE Access Code In the past, a Canadian taxpayer would need an access code sent in the mail in order to file tax returns using NETFILE. By getting rid of the access code requirement, the CRA suggests NETFILE is easier to use and encourages taxpayers to use NETFILE. To get started, a taxpayer should visit the CRA  website, enter personal identifying information and receive access. Safety Measures The Canada Revenue Agency says that dropping the access code requirement does not lower their security standards in any way. The CRA  explains how it now protects the security of taxpayer personal information when Canadian income taxes are filed online. According to the CRA, the agency uses the most secure forms of data encryption available today, the same levels of data encryption that financial institutions use to protect banking information. NETFILE is a one-way, one-time transaction of information. There is no way to change any of the information or go back and view it after it has been transmitted. In fact, if an individual needs to change any personal information on the income tax return, it would need to be updated with the CRA before using NETFILE, as there is no way to change personal  information in NETFILE while in the program. There is no danger of an individual being able to access another persons tax return and claim the refund. Nor is there the possibility of an individual being able to NETFILE a second T1 tax return under another persons name.

Goodwill Impairment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goodwill Impairment - Research Paper Example However, there are several noticeable differences in the two accounting approaches as listed below: In the context of allocation of Goodwill, allocation is done to an operating unit in case of U.S. GAAP. In IFRS language, its allotment is done to a small group of assets that generates flow of cash and such unit has to be smaller than the operating segment of a company. In the context of the recognition of the loss of impairment, the US GAAP considers such a case if the implied fair value exceeds the amount for carrying of a particular reporting unit and the amount for carrying of the goodwill (Alexander & Britton, 2004). It is a two step approach. On the other hand, in case of IFRS, which follows a one step approach, weigh cash generating unit’s amount carried against the amount that can be recovered. Impairment of loss is spotted when the former is greater than the latter. In US GAAP parlance, the loss of impairment is the amount of difference between the carried amount of go odwill and the reporting unit’s fair value that is implied. In terms of IFRS, it is the amount the former exceeds the amount that can be recovered. The loss thus arisen would be provisioned for Goodwill impairment until the latter is zero. Pros and cons of measuring Goodwill Impairment The measurement of goodwill has several positives aspects to it. If the process is undertaken with precision and accuracy, it will provide helpful information about the net worth for the investors of the company. If the financial information is overstated then it provides a wrong idea about the future to the manager across other departments and hence they would take wrong decisions. Hence an accurate measurement would help the other departments as well. The disadvantages of measurement is that if there is too much goodwill for a company to write off then it sends a negative impression to the investor about the management that they have records of taking wrong decisions. Often the determination of the fair value of goodwill is not disclosed by the company and hence there is ample scope for manipulation which can have its effect on the bottom line. There are various models that can be used for measuring of goodwill impairment and there is difference in opinion among expects regarding which method is to be taken. Hence depending on the method the value could vary. There is also another problem of separation of goodwill at the time of acquisition of a company and the total value of goodwill post acquisition. How convergence should work and why Though having several basic differences, the IASB and FASB should aim at convergence of the two standards with an aim to achieve a superior global standard of accounting. Both of them should work in harmony in areas like insurance and financial instruments. The reversal of the loss of impairment is prohibited in both U.S.GAAP and IFRS. In areas of offsetting of balance sheet they could not be of the same opinion. However they achieved s uccessful convergence in areas like disclosure norms which would help them in the reconciliation of the differences in requirements for offsetting. Convergence is necessary for Unites States as well as the world because it would affect areas of leasing and revenue as well. The American Companies also need to look upon certain issues relating to it. For example, some nations have already adopted the IFRS standards and the subsidiaries of the MNCs that are there in those countries have to

Show Dont Tell and Leads and Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Show Dont Tell and Leads and Conclusion - Essay Example Showing: Slowly, I browsed through the editorial page of the newspaper. The freshness of the ink and paper began to permeate my nostrils as I let my eyes wander over the lines that initially caught my attention. I felt a bit of agitation from inside me as I quietly read the sharp contrast of the quotes between the Republican and Democratic parties. The Republican reaction appealed more to my logic. They seemed to be created from an impartial reasoning fused with tact and conciseness. In contrast, the Democratic reaction felt as if they were aimed at me personally. That is how offensive they sounded. Original: It was time for the announcement of results. The administrator began announcing the results. Results were being announced in the order of seniority. So my turn was after the announcement of results for the fifth and the fourth grade. It did not take the administration long to announce the result of the senior batches, and it was the turn of third grade. Suddenly, I heard my name. The administrator had requested me to come up to the stage. The speaker had a trophy with a green ribbon on it in his hand. I was stunned, and tottered up to the stage in huge amazement. Oh! It was really for me. I had the time of my life. The silver shine gleamed in the sunlight and was a reflection of my joy. I had stood third. I had a green trophy in my hand. It was the first trophy of my academic career and opened the doors for many more to follow. First conclusion: It was time for the announcement of results. The results were announced in order of seniority. The third grade’s turn came after the announcement of results for the fifth and fourth grade. I know I did not stand a chance for my coveted award. I had been sick for the better part of the school year and my grades suffered a lot. I looked at my parents and saw in my mom’s eyes a look of understanding. She

Insomnia Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Insomnia is the inability to obtain adequate amount or quality of sleep. The difficulty can be with falling asleep, remaining asleep, or both† (â€Å"Insomnia Encyclopediaâ€Å"). Sleeping is a major point in physically and mentally restoring yourself for the tasks ahead. Most people say that about eight hours of sleep is an adequate amount, however it differs from person to person depending on their sex, age, and health conditions. An estimated one-third of the population suffers from some form of insomnia. â€Å"In recent studies, a survey reported that 30% of American women and 20% of American men took medication to help them sleep during the course of a year† (â€Å"Insomnia†). The medications these people took are called hypnotics. The causes of insomnia vary for different situations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Transient insomnia can be caused by temporary situations like   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  arguments, medical illness and jet lag. On the other hand chronic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  insomnia has many causes. Sleep apnea, over use of caffeine, anxiety   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  disorders, stress and several other factors. The symptoms of insomnia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  can be noticed right in the morning. When you wake up and are not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  feeling refreshed from a nights sleep. A person may have difficulty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sleeping, toss and turn for hours or fall asleep easily but are awakened   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  very early in the morning. To diagnose a person with insomnia, a patient   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  may keep a record for two weeks of their sleeping patterns, food intake,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  exercise, etc., and then a physician can base their diagnosis by the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reported signs and symptoms. If an insomnia patient does not respond to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  treatments then they may have a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sleeping disorder that requires a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  specialist† (â€Å"Insomnia Encyclopediaâ€Å").   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before insomnia even occurs, there are ways that a person can prevent or lessen the effects of it. Exercising regularly would be something a person should do, but not close to bedtime because exercising stimulates arousal. Avoiding caffeine and nicotine, such as coffe... ...uncture or chiropractic help, or alternative remedies and other sources of relief. Even though insomnia has become a common illness in the world, there are several different ways to treat it. People should not have to struggle to get a good night of sleep, it is an essential part of our lives. We should be able to go to sleep when we need to and wake up full refreshed and ready to conquer the day. Works Cited Chokroverty, Sudhansu. â€Å"100 Questions and Answers about Sleep and Sleep   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Disorders.† 2003. Google.(Dec. 14 2004).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/insomnia.html. (28   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  November 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Insomnia.† Health and Age. 2003.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.healthandage.com/Home/?gm=20&gc=26. (28 November 2004). Kinosian, Janet. The Well-Rested Woman: 60 Soothing Suggestions for Getting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a Good Night’s Sleep. Conari Press. Morin, Charles M. Relief from Insomnia: Getting the Sleep of Your Dreams. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York: DoubleDay, 1996.

How is my life compared to living in the Dominican Republic?

Living in Jakarta is not that different than living in the Dominican Republic. For example, they both have similar geographic features, weather etc. Most people earn money in the same ways, and the types of homes people live in are probably the same. The Dominican Republic like Jakarta is situated around the north of the equator, making the weather hot and humid. This also means that both countries get convectional rain (a type of rain cycle, for countries around the equator). Since they are both situated near the equator, they have two main seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. The Geographic features in Jakarta are very similar to the geographic features in the Dominican Republic. Like Jakarta it has soaring Mountain Ranges and in places vast green fertile land and beautiful beaches. This influences the tourism rate for both of these countries, which means the pollution rate in both countries is very high. Due to this, both these countries are considered third world countries. Both these countries are in the ring of fire, meaning there are lots of volcanic eruptions. This influences people a lot, because they need to know what to do if a volcano explodes!!! Jakarta and the Dominican Republic, being both very poor countries, suffer from money problems. There are two main communities in these countries. Firstly the rich. These people have big, high up jobs, earn lots of money and live in big houses. The poor have small roadside stalls and live in mud houses and slums. They earn about 2months of the rich persons salary in one year. Both these countries are steadily growing, but help is needed for those who need help. The people who have no arms or legs, people with money issues etc. The roads in both these countries are of a poor standard. The big main roads have only a small amount of lanes, meaning that people drive on the line, meaning MASSIVE traffic jams. The smaller roads are full of pyholes, which is a massive danger to all motorcyclists, who like cutting the line. It can cause severe injuries or maybe even death. The drainage systems are extremely inefficient! Since these countries are next to the equator (this means they have two main seasons, the rainy season and the dry season) during the rainy season, roads would have floods, meaning people are stuck in traffic jams for 4-5 hours. The availability of water and electricity come in vast quantities to the rich. For the poor, they get electricity but it will go of or hours on end. This influences people because they have to get used to playing outside and entertaining themselves for the tome when there is no electricity. The water they get comes from the rain. That's why on the roads many people pray that it rains. In Jakarta especially, people count on rice. They don't consider it a meal, if there is no rice. In conclusion, both these countries have similar living styles, and are similar in many ways. Also both these countries, since they are poor need help, so they can thrive and live like most 1st world countries.

The Presidential Campaign Ronald Reagan And President...

The 1980 Presidential Campaign was between Ronald Reagan and President Jimmy Carter. In this campaign several key issues were discussed. Reagan provided solutions for the armed forces, the Nuclear Arms Race, terrorism, the nation s economy, and urban policies. He used several tactics to wage a successful campaign. By appealing to Republican values, Reagan received the votes of many heartfelt Americans and is still admired by many to this day. One of the key issues Reagan brought up throughout his campaign was the United States Armed Forces. In this argument Reagan was criticized for being too quick to react on the issue and how the two running candidates are different on using United States Military Forces. Reagan wanted his first priority to be world peace and military force was a last resort. If everything else failed and peace was a distance memory, then we would have used military force. This will help keep the value of peace essential, but it also can fall out of the hands of a few individuals (United States Government). This mission is to preserve the peace which is very important for the United States. Without peace the United States would fall out of democracy and maybe into communism. To make sure that there is peace there must be strength to keep that peace. The strength would be part of the United States military and United States citizens. To avoid the issue of losing peace we must intercept the issue before i t can cause more damage than it should. In order toShow MoreRelatedThe Presidential Election Of The United States1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1980 presidential election of the United States featured three primary candidates, Republican Ronald Reagan, Democrat Jimmy Carter and liberal Republican John Anderson. Ronald Reagan was the governor of California before he decided to run for the presidency. John Anderson was a representative in Illinois and Carter was the incumbent. The lengthy Iran hostage crisis sharpened public opinions by the beginning of the election season. In the 1970s, the United States were experiencing a strainingRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 1980 Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States presidential election of 1980 was held. The competition was between incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and his opponent, former Californian Republican Governor, Ronald Reagan. Reagan, assisted by a falling economy complicated by inflation and high unemp loyment, and the Iran hostage crisis, Reagan would win the election in a sweep, receiving the largest number of electoral votes ever tallied by a presidential candidate not currently in office. Jimmy Carter, who beat out EdwardRead MoreRonald Reagan Is The Most Influential Man Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 PagesWar, and are suffering from the failure of the presidency of Jimmy Carter. 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Considered the best president of his century, Ronald Reagan is the most influential man of the 1980’s because he abolishedRead MoreRonald Reag A Child Of Nelle And John Reagan1322 Words   |  6 PagesRonald Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois as a child of Nelle and John Reagan. He attended Dixon high school and then went to Eureka College to study economics and sociology. He was very involved in the college he went to. He played football, ran track, was the captain of the swim team, student council president, and an actor in school productions. In his adult life, Reagan was known for many things such as being an actor, governor, and a successful president. After graduating in 1932, he startedRead MoreAmerican History: Study Notes1649 Words   |  7 Pagesthe scandal that resulted, there were a number of political effects on succeeding presidential administrations. One of the most significant outcomes of Watergate scandal was the defining of an obscure presidential power: executive privilege. Because of the existence of a secret campaign fund which financed the break-in, after the scandal broke, both Congress and the Supreme Court seriously altered the issue of campaign finance. And finally, the Watergate scandal altered the relationship between theRead MoreFor Americans, The 1976 Presidential Election Was As Confusing1047 Words   |  5 PagesAmericans, the 1976 presidential election was as confusing as it was exciting. Several factors made it dramatically different and more complex than any other election before. In both parties, the mood of the 1976 campaign was deeply influenced by past disasters. Democrats kept recalling the e normous defeat they suffered in 1972 and Republicans could not seem to move beyond the Watergate scandal they had just endured. What I find interesting about this election is how Jimmy Carter went from beingRead MoreThe Legacy of Ronald Reagan: The Fortieth President of the United States716 Words   |  3 PagesThe fortieth elected president of the United States is none other than the great Ronald Reagan. Reagan left a legacy behind him and still to this day is considered one of the best presidents to serve our nation . Throughout Reagans life he accomplished many great feats such as being a two-term president, film and television actor, radio announcer, and the governor of California Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois to Jack and Nelle Reagan on February 6, 1911. Reagan’s father was a salesmanRead MoreJimmy Carter And His Foreign Affairs1305 Words   |  6 PagesOn the other extreme is Jimmy Carter, president from 1977 to 1981. Ranked last for both his foreign affairs and his overall presidency, Carter left the Oval Office a very unpopular man. 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1984 vs Today Essay - 857 Words

1984, a novel by George Orwell, represents a dystopian society in which the people of Oceania are surveilled by the government almost all the time and have no freedoms. Today, citizens of the United States and other countries are watched in a similar way. Though different technological and personal ways of keeping watch on society than 1984, today’s government is also able to monitor most aspects of the people’s life. 1984 might be a dystopian society, but today’s condition seems to be moving towards that controlling state, where the citizens are surveilled by the government at all times. The 1984 community provided many ways to surveill its citizens, one being The Thought Police The Thought Police were undercover operatives who hid†¦show more content†¦Though the consequences of citizen’s actions through technology today are not as severe or are non punishable, they do not take the government’s surveillance as seriously as the citizens of Oceania did in 1984. One NSA system can reach about 75% of all US Internet traffic, communications by foreigners and Americans (Gorman n. pag.). The US governments defense to surveillance claims is that the justification is National Security (Calamur n. pag.)., and this may be true, but the question of the freedom to privacy ratio, as a free nation, is still undecided. One way surveillance is now even more accessible is due to Google Glass. With Google Glass, nobodys pointing a camera... phone. You no longer know if youre being filmed... an unspoken social rule is being violated (Brown 42). and gives the gover nment the ability to see from the point of view of anyone. With most every person you meet having quick access to some sort of recordable technology, it is easy to have your actions recorded or documented without your knowledge. The information can be easily spread around the world without your knowing or permission with just a simple touch. As said before, â€Å".....an unspoken social rule is being violated† (Brown 42), taking away the sense of privacy and security felt by many Americans. Another form of surveillance, used by specifically the NYPD, is the use of undercover cops. Since The Occupy Wall StreetShow MoreRelated texas vs johnson Essay687 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Texas vs. Johnson A very controversial court case in American history was Texas vs. Johnson (1984). In 1984, a man named Gregory Lee Johnson followed a group of anti – Reagan protesters to oppose the American exploitation of third world countries. This act of rebellion resulted in the burning of the American flag. Out of a total of approximately one hundred demonstrators who were involved in this ordeal, Johnson was solely charged with a crime. Johnson was arrestedRead MoreHuxley V. 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After being traded to the Los Angeles Kings where Gretzky brought this team to life, brought peopleRead MoreEducation: The Down Fall of the U.S.1680 Words   |  7 Pagesour society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a Nation and a people and If an unfriendly foreign power had attempted to impose on America the mediocre educational performance that exists today, we might well have viewed it as an act of war.†, the report sent off a firestorm of reform efforts at the local, state, and federal levels. Almost thirty years later, has the commission’s recommendations been implemented, or have any of the reform

Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in...

Throughout civilization, religions have come a long way in impacting modern society and civilization. One of the major Abrahamic religions, Islam, has made many advances and has contributed a variety of concepts, ideas and inventions to western civilization. Most of these contributions have gone unnoticed throughout the years, and have been credited by various people, when in reality Muslim scholars have formulated these concepts. Although some may believe that these contributions are irrelevant, the reality is that most of the everyday concepts humans use all around the world, have been derived from a primarily Islamic school of thought. In 622 CE, a new world religion, Islam, emerged. The founder, a man by the name of Prophet†¦show more content†¦While Europe was struggling during the Dark Ages, Islam was prospering greatly. Muslim intellectual centers were slowly growing over the Asian-African continent. While first only Africa and India were present as the major Islamic areas, the Islamic empire soon grew to the areas of the Indonesian islands and China. This combination of the cultures of the Arabs, Indians, Turks, Chinese, and Persians is contrasting to the popular belief that Islam is a discriminatory race, while actually all of these cultures along with countless smaller groups aided in the contribution of the construction of the Islamic civilization. The main logic behind this intellectual boom in the Islamic civilization is due to the statement made by Prophet Muhammad, which goes as the following: â€Å"the ink of scholars is more precious than the blood of martyrs.† These words from the P rophet served as the impetus of the movement, as scholars from all around attempted to seek out the intellectual treasures hidden within the minds of themselves and their cultures. The unabridged list of the accomplishments made during the Golden Age is too lengthy to mention. However, the major subject areas of advances were in the fields of Science, Mathematics, Medicine, Culture and Education. Science One of the most notable advances in the Islamic Golden age was in the field of science. Scientist everywhere began toShow MoreRelatedThe Decline Of The Roman Civilization1357 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, civilizations have risen to and fallen from power. The accomplishments of these peoples are not only important because of their places in history, but also because of the impact that they had on the world. Some of these groups of people were only able to create small, but still important settlements. Others were able to establish large empires that controlled vast areas and directly changed the lives of many who were under their rule. The Roman civilization was one of these massiveRead MoreThe Legacy Of An Empire1357 Words   |  6 PagesThe Legacy of an Empire Throughout history, civilizations have risen to and fallen from power. 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This is a reenactment of the Old Testament account from the Book of Exodus, where Moses is referring the Jewish people that are being used as slave labor by the Egyptians to build the pyramids. Archeologists and historians estimate the story of Exodus originated betweenRead MoreTechnology Essay11684 Words   |  47 Pagesthat contribution technology has made to modern life has been really positive and has helped to improve the quality of human lives. The first reason for me to  appreciate the contribution technology made to modern life is just the fact that it enhances daily life to unprecedented levels.   As women increase their roles in society in the last times, daily homework such is cook, make laundry or vacuum take less time to do it than before, and its permits women to dedicate this time to other activitiesRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescomprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and seriousRead MoreThe Unhcr13403 Words   |  54 Pagesits expertise to also help many internally displaced by conflict. Less visibly, it has expanded its role in helping stateless people, a largely overlooked group numbe ring millions of people in danger of being denied basic rights because they do not have any citizenship. In some parts of the world, such as Africa and Latin America, the original 1951 mandate has been strengthened by agreement on regional legal instruments. In 1954, the new organization won the Nobel Peace Prize for its ground-breakingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesrequest to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10:

Theodore Roosevelt Free Essays

Theodore Roosevelt as the 26th president of the United States and also the youngest president ever elected, Theodore Roosevelt faced many challenging decisions, but he knew how to handle them. He fought for what he believed and never backed down from that belief. Theodore Roosevelt faced challenging circumstances while growing up which made many consider him to be frail and not likely to succeed; however, he came to be known as a notable statesman, military leader, governor, vice-president of the United States, and finally the most powerful leader in the free world, President of the United States of America. We will write a custom essay sample on Theodore Roosevelt or any similar topic only for you Order Now This  biography  covers Roosevelt’s life from  birth  until he gains the presidency. Early in life young Theodore, Teedie, Roosevelt suffers from a variety of illnesses. His father admonishes him that physical activity serves as the surest cure. Against doctor’s orders, Roosevelt embarks on a physical regimen that in fact strengths him, mind and body. Roosevelt  moves  on to Harvard, where he meets and marries Alice Lee. He quickly gains access to politics as a young  New York  state assemblyman. He enjoys moderate  success  in the assembly, though he suffers, at once, the loss of his wife and mother. His father dies while Roosevelt attends Harvard. Feeling alone, Roosevelt travels west. Time in the west broadens Roosevelt’s desire for expansion, both personal and national. He gains acquaintances that prove  valuable  later in life. As a child, Theodore developed a passion for the natural sciences. This passion remained constant in his life through college where he planned to study to become a scientist at Harvard University. During college, Theodore Roosevelt met his first wife, Alice Lee, who he married in 1880. Tragically, Alice died from Bright’s disease, on Valentines Day in 1884 only days after the birth of their first daughter. Even worse, his mother also died on the same day from a typhoid fever. These events caused much heartache for Theodore Roosevelt causing him to bury himself into his work. Already a member of the state assembly at this point, Theodore Roosevelt created a bill known as The Reform Charter Bill. This bill helped to eliminate corruption, changing political procedure altogether. In addition, he began to serve as a delegate for the National Republican Convention. This task helped him compensate much of his time, helping him cope with the grief caused by the loss of his wife and his mother. After serving at the Republican National Convention, Theodore Roosevelt moved out West to North Dakota, where he lived as a ranchman for several years. These experiences helped to offset the public opinion of Theodore Roosevelt, proving that just because he was raised in a wealthy and privileged family didn’t mean that he wasn’t a hard worker. Eventually, he grew tired of working on the ranch and moved back home to pursue his political goals. Upon his return to New York, Theodore Roosevelt moved to his house located in Oyster Bay where he married his second wife, Edith Carow. Theodore Roosevelt’s family ancestors were successful Dutch glass importers that were one of New York’s leading families in the late 1800s. His father, also named Theodore, pursued a life of civic and charitable activities. Theodore senior founded the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History. Theodore Roosevelt became governor of New York in 1898 and the Vice President of the U. S. A. soon after. He also led the conservative movement that contested to preserve the use of natural resources. Theodore Roosevelt was also a Lieutenant Colonial of the Rough Rider Regiment. After achieving these goals, he became the youngest president in the history of the U. S. A. Theodore Roosevelt became president in September 1901 after the assassination of William McKinley. Although he had been vice president under McKinley, Roosevelt did not share McKinley’s conservative, pro-business policies. Instead, as president, Roosevelt advanced aggressive political reforms, including the heavy regulation of business. Known as the â€Å"trust-buster,† Roosevelt was the first president to successfully invoke the  Sherman Antitrust Act  against monopolies and continued to restrict businesses throughout his presidency. His reforms greatly influenced economic, environmental, and international affairs as well. Roosevelt’s platform became known as the â€Å"Square Deal† because he vowed not to favor any group of Americans but to be fair to all. Within weeks of arrival in Washington, TR causes a nationwide sensation by becoming the first President to invite a black man to dinner in the White House. Next, he launches his famous prosecution of the Northern Securities Company, and follows up with landmark antitrust legislation. He liberates Cuba, determines the route of the Panama Canal, mediates the great Anthracite Strike, and resolves the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-1903 with such masterful secrecy that the world at large is unaware how near the United States and Germany have come to war. During an epic national tour in the spring of 1903, TR’s conservation philosophy (his single greatest gift to posterity) comes into full flower. He also bestows on countless Americans the richness of a personality without parallel–evangelical and passionate, yet lusty and funny; adroitly political, winningly natural, intellectually overwhelming. The most famous father of his time, he is adored by his six children (although beautiful, willful â€Å"Princess† Alice rebelled against him) and accepted as an honorary member of the White House Gang of seditious small boys. Theodore Rex, full of cinematic detail, moves with the exhilarating pace of a novel, yet it rides on a granite base of scholarship. TR’s own voice is constantly heard, as the President was a gifted letter writer and raconteur. Also heard are the many witticisms, sometimes mocking, yet always affectionate, of such Roosevelt intimates as Henry Adams, John Hay, and Elihu Root. (â€Å"Theodore is never sober,† said Adams, â€Å"only he is drunk with himself and not with rum. â€Å") TR’s speed of thought and action, and his total command of all aspects of presidential leadership, from bureaucratic subterfuge to manipulation of the press, make him all but invincible in 1904, when he wins a second term by a historic landslide. Surprisingly, this victory transforms him from a patrician conservative to a progressive, responsible between 1905 and 1908 for a raft of enlightened legislation, including the Pure Food and Employer Liability acts. Even more surprising, to critics who have caricatured TR as a swinger of the Big Stick, is his emergence as a diplomat. He wins the Nobel Peace Prize for bringing about an end to the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Interspersed with many stories of Rooseveltian triumphs are some bitter episodes-notably a devastating lynching-that remind us of America’s deep prejudices and fears. Theodore Rex  does not attempt to justify TR’s notorious action following the Brownsville Incident of 1906–his worst mistake as President-but neither does this resolutely honest biography indulge in the easy wisdom of hindsight. It is written throughout in real time, reflecting the world as TR saw it. By the final chapter, as the great â€Å"Teddy† prepares to quit the White House in 1909, it will be a hard-hearted reader who does not share the sentiment of Henry Adams: â€Å"The old house will seem dull and sad when my Theodore has gone. â€Å" How to cite Theodore Roosevelt, Essay examples

Information Security and Risk Management

Question: Discuss about theInformation Security and Risk Management. Answer: Introduction As per the given scenario, Hillside Hospital is a 100 bed hospital and it provides various facilities to its patients such as emergency care, maternal and child health, chronic disease management with different specialists. Besides this, other facilities such as radiology, pharmacy, rehabilitation services are also provided by Hillside Hospital. For take care of patients, several healthcare providers are available in hospital such as specialist, registrars, medical officers, nurses and physiotherapist. It is also found that some of the staff members in the hospital are involved in medical research and clinical trial and for their research they need to use patients information from system. In this case, as a member of IT Expert Team, my team is concerned about management of security of information in hospitals environment. The sensitive information is stored into database, so it is necessary to maintain its security and privacy from unauthorized access of data. The purpose of making t his report is to design a security and risk management solution that can fulfill security requirements of hospital. The security and risk management plan will include Planning and Policy, Developing of Security Program, Risk Management and Protection Mechanism. Here in this report, we will discuss in detail planning and policy of security and risk management solution. Discussion The planning and policy of security and risk management solution should be effectively described so that it can be implemented effectively in hospital (Security Intelligence, 2017). Planning and Policy of Security and Risk Management Solution To protect information that is stored into hospitals database, we have made an effective plan that includes mission, vision, key components, policy, purpose, scope, information security requirements and policy details (Hinkel, 2017). Planning According to requirements of Hillside hospital for information security, we have planned to use security techniques such as cryptography to store encrypted data into database, implementation of strict security policies in hospitals, restricted access of database and periodic monitoring of database by administrator (Protectivesecurity.govt.nz, 2017). Mission The mission of Hillside hospital is to keep information with appropriate security and privacy with authorized access of data. It is matter of trust of people who have provided their information to store into hospitals database. Vision Hillside Hospital has vision to use advanced storage techniques in highly secure way to store huge amount of information. Besides this, hospital also wants to control security and privacy issues of information system at large extent by using advanced security tools and techniques (Nttsecurity.com, 2017). Key Components The key components of security and risk management solution are listed as below: Identification of assets that need to be protected such as customers information, critical business processes etc. and why protection is necessary of these assets? Identification of major threats to assets and what could happen with identified assets. Rank the identified threats by both probability and their impacts. Identify what types of controls will be suitable for protecting assets. Testing of accuracy and effectiveness of controls Proper monitoring of all process periodically (Securitymagazine.com, 2017). Policy The main policy that we would like to implement in Hillside hospital for information security is that system administrator must set unique login credentials for hospital employees for accessing database and different permissions should be accessed to all according to their post in hospital. Purpose The purpose of making above policy and planning is to enhance security level of hospitals database as much as possible by using modern intelligent security tools and techniques and it is also necessary to get protection from hacking attacks. Scope The scope of this planning and policy is wide because proper implementation of these policies will help every business organization, hospitals and other individuals to make their information secured for long time. Information Security Requirements The main requirements of information security are identification of issues of hospital that are affecting information security, proper organization of security policies and standards, train all employees to implement information security policies and standards and implementation of information security standards. Policy Details As we have provided a brief information about security policy for Hillside Hospital, here is detail about that policy. According to that policy by setting different login credentials for different level employees, low level employees will not have permission to access most sensitive information about top level staff members. This policy will reduce chances of leaking information. Besides this, every activity of employees on their computers while accessing information should be detected by using detection control systems. These systems have some advanced features such as if an employee will try to access unauthorized information from database from his computer then it will send message to administrator. References Security Intelligence. (2017). Key Components of a High-Performing Information Risk Management Program. [online] Available at: https://securityintelligence.com/key-components-of-a-high-performing-information-risk-management-program/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Hinkel, T. (2017). 5 Key Elements of Risk Management | Compliance Guru FFIEC Guidance. [online] Complianceguru.com. Available at: https://complianceguru.com/2010/11/5-key-elements-of-risk-management/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Betterhealth.vic.gov.au. (2017). Security and safety at hospital. [online] Available at: https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/servicesandsupport/security-and-safety-at-hospital [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Nttsecurity.com. (2017). Security Planning and Risk Assessment. [online] Available at: https://www.nttsecurity.com/en/what-we-do/security-planning-and-risk-assessment/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Protectivesecurity.govt.nz. (2017). Protective Security Requirements | Information Security Management Protocol. [online] Available at: https://www.protectivesecurity.govt.nz/home/information-security-management-protocol/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Securitymagazine.com. (2017). 5 Key Components of a Robust Travel Risk Management Program. [online] Available at: https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/87898-key-components-of-a-robust-travel-risk-management-program [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017].

The Way of Life free essay sample

Dedicated to Karl C. It was the first week of rifle hunting season in November.I was thirteen and it was the first year I could shoot a deer.I had completed my firearms safety class and I was ready to shoot my first buck.The problem was that I had to wake up at five in the morning.For thirteen year old Kaleb, this was almost unbearable and he wanted to fall asleep again as soon as he could.But, his father would not let him.So, I knew I had to suck it up and make the best out of it. When getting dressed, we put on as many layers as we could.After I was done putting them on, I felt as if I were the Stay-Puft Marshmallow Man.I disliked the feeling of not being able to run or have any flexibility.Once we were dressed, geared up and ready, we went outside and were greeted by the frosty morning breeze. We will write a custom essay sample on The Way of Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I could taste the moisture on my tongue as I opened the door.It was pitch black and the only thing I could see was a dim light coming from our old, broken lamp post.So we ended up taking out our flashlights and walking to the shed to grab our rifles.My rifle was a Tikka .270 and my dad’s was a Remington 7mm.Both were accurate and powerful so they punched good sized holes when we shot at our practice targets back home.Before leaving to our stand, my dad gave me another brief on our plan, â€Å"We are going to go to the North Stand.† my dad said, â€Å"Wait on the ground until I’m to the top, then you can climb up.† â€Å"Ok, Dad† I replied. â€Å"Don’t forget about B.R.A.S.S.† â€Å"I remember. Breath, Relax, Aim, Slack, and Stop.† â€Å"And walk with your heels, not your toes.† Annoyed, I replied, â€Å"Dad, for the millionth time, I know.† â€Å"Okay, just making sure you won’t forget anything.† We walked until we reached the stand.Just as planned, Dad walked up first and I followed.To be honest, I was a little scared climbing up it.It was my second time climbing up a ladder that high and I was small compared to the size of the tree stand.But I wasn’t going to wimp out so I gathered my courage and continued up the ladder. Once there, I received a stare from my dad.For a moment, I thought had done something wrong.Then, he calmly put his pointer finger to his lips indicating that we could no longer talk until either our prey was killed or the hunt was over.As we still do today, my dad and I would communicate by hand signals or mouthing out words.We whispered if it was a last resort. The hours went by as we waited for a deer to come in front of us.The sun rose over time and most of the fog disappeared except for a thin, grey layer of haze.My rifle was even colder than before.I signaled Dad for some hand warmers and he gave me some. Around four hours passed and I was losing my patience.It would’ve been ten more minutes before I asked my dad if we could leave the stand.But then we heard a crunch.It was time. Dad peeked out the window to see a six-pointed buck along the right side treeline.I could taste the venison already.I grabbed my rifle from the corner it was leaning against and slowly rested it onto the lower left corner of the window.My B.R.A.S.S. technique was rushing through my head, but I still remained calm and focused.My breathing was controlled, my aim was dead on, my arms were steady, and I was ready to squeeze.I had to make sure I didn’t jerk the trigger otherwise I would anticipate the shot and miss my target like I would sometimes at home.I had to surprise myself with the trigger squeeze.I turned my safety off and was ready to fire. I started to squeeze.My aim was right on target.Then, a sudden kick hit my shoulder as if someone punched me.I smelled the gunpowder.I heard the cracking shot coming out of the barrel.The round had made a slice right through the buck’s stomach.Its guts dropped down the next step it took.I pulled the bolt back and re chambered another round in.The deer was down but not dead.I had to put it out of its misery.I took a second shot. The round made perfect thump as the round traveled right through my prey’s cranium.A perfect head shot. My dad cleared his throat, â€Å"Awesome shot, Kaleb!† Like hungry dogs, we climbed down to examine the scene.As we arrived, I was brutally shocked by the amount of blood and gore that came from the deer.For a second, I doubted myself that I had done a right thing.I had just killed such a beautiful animal.What did this deer do to deserve this?I was confused and unsure of what I did and if it agrees with my morals as a Catholic? I should’ve had a â€Å"one shot, one kill†.But then I came to terms I tried my best and was fast to put the deer out of its misery.It was the way of life.And like any other deer hunt, we repeated the same rituals.We took some pictures, skinned it, hung it up to drain, and waited while sitting back and drinking a nice, cold pop. This time was a little different from the others.I wasn’t helping a friend, family member, or my father skin his deer.This time, it was my turn.As I sat down on our bench with my dad, celebrating and making memories, I realized something.I was finally a hunter.I had gone hunting many times, but this hunt was my hunt.I could finally say I had the power, patience, and skill to kill an animal. It had only taken me six hours to earn the title, Hunter.I was eager to return for the next year and the one after that.I realized this was my escape from the world.To lose myself in a hunt and return joyful, whether I had caught any game or not.It makes me look forward to the day when I can watch as my first son or daughter shoot their first deer.Sharing memories and laughs as I was with my father.Sitting around the fire in the dark of night telling stories until we get tired and decide to hit the hay.Cherishing the last glimpse of the star lit forest until you go back inside.And waking up and doing it all over again.One could say it’s the way of life.

Smart socket Essays

Smart socket Essays Smart socket Essay Smart socket Essay Although ad-hoc solutions exist for some of these problems, it is usually up to the applications user to discover the cause of the connectivity problems and find a solution. In this paper we describe Smokestacks, a communication library that lifts this burden by automatically discovering the connectivity problems and solving them with as little support from the user as possible. Categories and Subject Descriptors: C. 2. 4 [Distributed Systems]: Distributed applications General Terms: Algorithms, Design, Reliability Keywords: Connectivity Problems, Grids, Networking, Parallel Applications 1 . Parallel applications are increasingly run in Grid environments. Unfortunately, on many Grid sites the ability of machines to create or accept network connections is severely limited by network address translation (NAT) [14, 26] or firewalls [15]. There are even sites that completely disallow any direct communication between the compute nodes and the rest of the world (e. G. , the French Grinding system [3]). In addition, multi homing (machines with multiple network addresses) can further complicate connection setup. For parallel applications that require direct communication between their components, these limitations have hampered the transition from traditional multi receptors or cluster systems to Grids. When a combination of Grid sites is used, serious connectivity problems are often encountered. Smokestacks is part of the Ibis project, and can be found at CSS. Vi. Ml/ibis Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or the full citation on the first page. Many problems, however, can only be solved by adapting the application or the communication library it uses. To make matters worse, as soon as the set of Grid systems being used changes, large part of this process needs to be repeated. As a result, running a parallel application on multiple Grid sites can be a strenuous task [34]. In this paper we will describe a solution to this problem: the Smokestacks communication library. The primary focus of Smokestacks is on ease of use. It automatically discovers a wide range of connectivity problems and attempts to solve them with little or no support from the user. Smokestacks combines many known solutions, such as port forwarding, TCP splicing and SSH tunneling, and introduces several new ones that resolve problems with multi homing and machine identification. In 30 connection setup experiments, using 6 different sites worldwide, Smokestacks was always able to establish a connection, while conventional sockets only worked in 6 experiments. Using heuristics and caching, Smokestacks is able to significantly improve the connection setup performance. Smokestacks offers a single integrated solution that hides the complexity of connection setup in Grids behind a simple interface that closely resembles sockets. We will show that it is relatively straightforward to port an existing application to Smokestacks, provided that certain programming guidelines are followed. Smokestacks is not specifically intended for use in parallel applications or Grids. It can also be applied to other distributed applications, such as visualization, cooperative environments, or even consumer applications such as instant messaging, file sharing, or online gaming. However, many of these applications only require a very limited degree of connectivity. Often, clients simply connect to a server in a well-known location, making it relatively easy to apply an ad-hoc solution when a connectivity problem occurs. Parallel applications, however, can be much more challenging. They often require a large number of connections between the participating machines, and each machine must such applications in a Grid environment with limited connectivity is difficult. Therefore, this paper will focus on this domain. N Section 2 we describe the connectivity related problems encountered while running applications on multiple Grid sites. Section 3 describes how these problems are solved in Smokestacks and briefly looks at the programming interface. Section 4 evaluates the performance of Smokestacks, Section 5 describes related work, and Section 6 concludes. 2. CONNECTIVITY PROBLEMS In this section we will give a description of the network related problems that can occur when running a single parallel or distributed application on multiple Grid sites. . 1 Firewalls As described in [1 5], A firewall is an agent which screens network traffic in some way, blocking traffic it believes to be inappropriate, dangerous, or both. . Many sites use firewalls to protect their network from unauthorized access. Firewalls usually allow outbound connections, but block incoming connections, often with the exception of a few welkin ports (e. G. , port 22 for SSH). It is obvious that this inactivity restriction can cause severe problems when running a parallel application on multiple sites. When only a single participating site uses firewall, the connectivity problems can sometimes be solved by ensuring that the connections setups are in the right direction, I. E. , that all required connections between open and firewall machines are initiated at the firewall site. This solution may require changes to the applications or communication libraries, however. Also, if both sites use a firewall, this approach can no longer be used. In this case, a firewall will always be encountered regardless of he connection setup direction. One way to solve the problems is to request an open port range in the firewall. Connectivity can then be restored by adapting the application to only use ports in this range. Besides requiring reconfiguration of the firewall, open ports are also seen as a threat to site security. When both machines are behind a firewall it may still be possible to establish a direct connection using a mechanism called TCP splicing [6, 10, 13, 20]. Simply put, this mechanism works by simultaneously performing a connection setup from both sides. Since this approach requires explicit cooperation teens the machines, some alternative communication channel must be available. . 2 Network Address Translation As described in [21], Network Address Translation is a method by which IP addresses are mapped from one address realm to another, providing transparent routing to end hosts. . NAT was introduced in [12] as a temporary solution to the problem of IPPP address depletion. Although the intended solution for this problem, IPPP, has been available for some time, NAT is still widely used to day. Frequently used [21, 29]. This type of NAT allows outbound connections from sites using riveter addresses, but does not allow incoming connections. Both the IP address (and related fields) and the transport identifier (e. G. , TCP and JODI port numbers) of packets are translated, thereby preventing port number collisions when a set of hosts share a single external address. As mentioned above, NAT only allows outbound network connections. Incoming connections are rejected, since the connection request does not contain enough information to find the destination machine (I. E. , only the external IP address is provided, but that may be shared by many machines). This restriction leads to connectivity problems hat are very similar to those caused by firewalls. Therefore, the solution described in Section 2. 1 (connecting in the right direction) also applies too NAT setup, and fails in a similar way when multiple NAT sites try to interconnect. Although the TCP splicing mechanism can also be used to connect two NAT sites, a more complex algorithm is required to compensate for the port translation performed by NAT [6, 20]. Some NAT implementations have support for port forwarding, where all incoming connections on a certain port can be automatically forwarded to a certain host inside the NAT site. Using mechanisms such as Upon [5], DIF [28], or MEDICO [30], applications can contact the NAT implementation and change the port forwarding rules on demand. Port forwarding lifts many of the restrictions on incoming connections. Unfortunately, Upon is mostly found in consumer devices, MEDICO is still under development, and DIF only supports NAT (and firewall) implementations based on Interfile [1]. As a result, these mechanisms are not (yet) generally usable in Grid applications. Currently, Smokestacks only supports Upon. In addition to causing connection setup problems, NAT also complicates machine identification. Machines in a NAT tit generally use IP addresses in the private range [26]. These addresses are only usable within a local network and are not globally unique. Unfortunately, parallel applications often use a machines IP address to create a unique identifier for that machine. When multiple NAT sites participate in a single parallel run, however, this approach can not be used, since the machine addresses are no longer guaranteed to be unique. 2. 3 Non-routed networks On some sites no direct communication between the compute nodes and the outside world is possible due to a strict separation between the internal and external networks. No aching is accessible, and the connectivity of this machine may be limited by a firewall or NAT. Two of the sites used in Section 4 use such a setup. It is clear that this is a major limitation when the site is used in a parallel application. The only possibility for the compute nodes to communicate with other sites is to use front-end machine as a bridge to the outside world, using, for example, an SSH tunnel or a SOCKS [24] proxy. These are non-trivial to set up, however. 2. 4 Multi Homing When multi-homed machines (I. E. , machines with multiple network addresses) participate in a parallel application, another interesting problem occurs. When creating a connection to such a machine, a choice must be made on which of the possible target addresses to use. The outcome of this choice may depend on the location of the machine that initiates the connection. For example, the front-end machine of a site has two addresses, a public one, reachable over the internet, and a private one used to communicate with the sites compute nodes. As a result, a different address must be used to reach teachings depending on whether the connection originates inside or outside of the site. In [34] we called this the Reverse Routing Problem. Normally, when a multi-homed machine is trying to connect to a single IP address, a routing table on the machine decides which network is used for the outgoing connection. In the example described above the reverse problem is encountered. Instead of having to decide how to exit a multi-homed machine, we must decide on how to enter it. This problem is non-trivial, since the source machine generally does not have enough information available to select the correct target address. As a result, several connection attempts to different addresses of the target may be necessary before a connection can be established. In Section 3. 2 we will describe heuristics that can be used to speed up this process. Multi homing can have a major effect on the implementation of parallel programming libraries. The example above shows that it is not sufficient to use a single address to represent a multi-homed machine. Instead, all addresses must be made available to the other participants of the parallel application. In addition, some of the addresses may be in a private range and refer to a different machine when used in a different site. Therefore, it is also essential to check if a connection was established to the correct machine. 3. SMOKESTACKS In this section we will give an overview of the design, implementation and programming interface of the Smokestacks library, and describe how it solves the problems described in the previous section. 3. 1 Overview Currently, Smokestacks offers four different connection setup mechanisms, Direct, Reverse, Splicing, and Routed. An overview of how these mechanisms solve the connectivity problems described in Section 2. As the table shows, each problem is solved by at least one mechanism. Table 1 : Overview of connectivity problems and their solutions. Connection Setup Mechanism Problems Direct Reverse Splicing Routed Identification X Multi Homing X Single FEW/NAT pox xx Dual MINOT (X) XX No Routing X The machine identification and multi-homing problems are solved by the direct connection setup. As will be explained below, this approach also has limited firewall traversal capabilities (using SSH tunneling), so in certain situations it may succeed in establishing a connection in a single or even a dual firewall setting. In the table these entries are shown between brackets. A reverse connection setup is only capable of creating a connection when a single firewall or NAT limits the connectivity. Splicing is capable of middling both single and dual firewall/NAT configurations. However, this approach is significantly more complex than a reverse connection setup (especially with dual NAT) and may not always succeed. Therefore, reverse connection setup is preferred for single firewall/NAT configurations. A routed connection setup can be used in any situation where the connectivity is limited. Unlike the previous two approaches it does not result in a direct connection. Instead all network traffic is routed via external processes called hubs (explained in Section 3. 3), which may degrade both latency and throughput of the connection. Therefore, the previous mechanisms are preferred. When connecting to or from a machine on a non-routed network, however, a routed connection is the only choice. The Smokestacks implementation is divided into two layers, a low-level Direct Connection Layer, responsible for all actions that can be initiated on a single machine, and a high-level Virtual Connection Layer that uses side-channel communication to implement actions that require cooperation of multiple machines. The direct connection layer is implemented using the standard socket library. The virtual connection layer is implemented using the direct connection layer. Both layers will be explained in more detail below. Currently, Smokestacks is implemented using Java [2]. 3. 2 Direct Connection Layer do not require explicit cooperation between machines, such as determining the local addresses or creating a direct connection. It also supports a limited form of SSH tunneling. 3. 2. 1 Machine Identification During initialization, the direct connection layer starts by scanning all available network interfaces to determine which IP addresses are available to the machine. It then generates a unique machine identifier that contains these addresses, and that can be used to contact the machine. This identifier will automatically be unique if it contains at least one public address. If all addresses are private, however, additional work must be done. A machine that only has private addresses is either in a NAT site or uses a non-routed network. In the first case, a unique identifier can still be generated for the machine by acquiring the external address of the NAT. Provided that this address is public, the combination of external and machine addresses should also be unique, since other machines in the same NAT site should have a different set of private addresses, and all other NAT sites should have different external address. The Smokestacks library will use Upon to discover the external address of the NAT site. If this discovery fails, or if the returned address is not public, a Universally Unique Identifier (JUDI) [23], will be generated and included in the machine identifier, thereby making it unique. 3. 2. 2 Connection Setup Once initialized, the direct connection layer can be used to set up connections to other machines. The identifier of the target machine may contain multiple network addresses, some of which may not be reachable from the current location. The private dresses in the identifier may even refer to a completely different machine, so it is important that the identity of the machine is checked during connection setup. As a result, several connection attempts may be necessary before the correct connection can be established. When multiple target addresses are available, a choice must be made in which order the connection attempts will be performed. Although simply using the addresses in an arbitrary order should always result in a connection (pro-vided that a direct connection is possible), this may not be the most efficient approach. Many Grid sites offer historiographer networks such as Merriment [7] or Infinite [4] in addition to a regular Ethernet network. Using such a network for inter-site communication may significantly improve the applications performance. In general, these fast networks are not routed and use addresses in the private range, while the regular Ethernet networks (often) use public addresses. Therefore, by sorting the target addresses and trying all private ones first, the fast local networks will automatically be selected in sites with such a setup. The drawback of if the connection originates on a different site. This may cause a significant overhead. Therefore, Smokestacks uses a heuristic that sorts the target addresses in relation to the addresses that are available locally. For example, if only a public address is available on the local machine, it is unlikely that it will be able to create a direct connection to a private address of a target. As a result, the connection order public before private is used. This order is also used if both machines have public and private addresses, but the private addresses refer to a different network (e. G. , 10. 0. 0. 10 vs 192. 168. 1. 20). The order private before public is only used if both machines have private addresses in the same range. Section 4 will illustrate the performance benefits of this heuristic. Unfortunately, it is impossible to make a distinction between addresses of the same class. For example, if a target has multiple private addresses, we can not automatically determine which address is best. Therefore, if a certain network is preferred, the user must specify this explicitly. Without this explicit configuration, Smokestacks will still create a direct connection (if possible), and the parallel application will run, but its performance may be suboptimal. When a connection has been established, an identity check s performed to ensure that the correct machine has been reached. This would be a simple comparison if the complete identifier of the target is available, but unfortunately this is not always the case. User provided addresses are often used to bootstrap a parallel application. These addresses are often limited to a single hosannas or IP address, which may only be part of the addresses available to the target machine. Therefore, the identity check used by Smokestacks also allows the use of partial identifiers. Whenever a connection is created, the target machine provides its complete identity o the machine initiating the connection. This machine then checks if both the public and private addresses in the partial identity are a subset of the ones in the complete identity. If so, the partial identity is accepted as a subset of the complete identity, and the connection is established. Note that although the connection is created to a machine that matches the address specified by the user, it is not necessarily the correct machine from the viewpoint of the parallel application. Unfortunately, in such cases it is up to the user to provide an address that contains enough information to reach the correct machine. . 2. 3 Open Port Ranges and Port Forwarding When a firewall has an open port range available, Smokestacks can ensure that all sockets used for incoming connections are bound to a port in this range. There is no way of discovering this range automatically, however, so it must be specified explicitly by the user. In addition, Smokestacks can use the Upon protocol to configure a NAT to do port forwarding, I. E. Automatically forward all incoming connections on a certain external port to a specified internal address. However, as explained before, this protocol is mainly used in consumer devices. In addition to regular network connections, the direct connection layer also has limited support for SSH tunneling. This feature is useful for connecting to machines behind a firewall that allows SSH connections to pass through. It does, however, require a suitabl e SSH setup (I. E. , public key authentication must be enabled). Creating an SSH tunnel is similar to a regular connection setup. The target addresses are sorted and tried consecutively. Instead of using the port specified in the connection setup, however, the default SSH port (I. E. , 22) is used. When a connection is established and the authentication is successful, the receiving SSH daemon is instructed to forward all traffic to the original destination port on the same machine. If this succeeds, the regular identity check will be performed to ensure that the right machine has been reached. Although this approach is useful, it can only be used to set up a tunnel to a different process on the target machine. Using this approach to forward traffic to different machines requires extra information. For example, setting up an SSH tunnel to a compute node of a site through the sites fronted, can only be done if it is clear that the fronted must be contacted in order to reach the target machine. Although this approach is used in some projects [8], the necessary information cannot be obtained automatically and must be provided by the user. Therefore, Smokestacks uses a different approach which will be described in detail in Section 3. 3. 3. 2. Limitations The direct connection layer offers several types of connection setup which have in common that they can be initiated by a single machine. No explicit cooperation between machines is necessary to establish the connection. There are many cases, however, where connectivity is too limited and the direct connection layer cannot be used. In general, direct connections to sites that use NAT or a firewall are not possible. Although SSH tunneling and o pen port ranges alleviate the firewall problems, they require a suitable SSH setup or extra information from the user. Port forwarding reduces the problems with NAT, but is rarely supported in Grid systems. Therefore, these features are of limited use. In the next section we will give a detailed description of the virtual connection layer, which solves these problems. 3. 3 Virtual Connection Layer Like the direct connection layer, the virtual connection layer implements several types of connection setup. It offers a simple, socket-like API and has a modular design, making it easy to extend. Besides a direct module that uses the direct connection layer described above, it contains several modules that offer more advanced types of connection setup. These modules have in common that they cooperation (and thus communication) between the source and target machines in order to establish a connection. As a result, side-channel communication is required to implement these modules. 3. 3. 1 Side-Channel Communication In Smokestacks, side-channel communication is implemented by creating a network f interconnected processes called hubs. These hubs are typically started on the fronted machines of each participating site, so their number is usually small. When a hub is started, the location of one or more other hubs must be provided. Each hub will attempt to setup a connection to the others using the direct connection layer. Although many of these connections may fail to be established, this is not a problem as long as a spanning tree is created that connects all hubs. The hubs use a gossiping protocol to exchange information about themselves and the hubs they know, with the hubs that they are connected to. This way information about each hub quickly spreads to all hubs in the network. Whenever a hub receives information about a hub it has not seen before, it will attempt to set up a connection to this hub. This way, new connections will be discovered automatically. All gossiped information contains a state number indicating the state of the originating machine when the information was sent. Since information from a hub may reach another hub through multiple paths, the state number allows the receiver to decide which information is most recent. By recording the length of the path traversed thus far in he gossiped information, hubs can determine the distance to the sites that they can not reach directly. Whenever a hub receives a piece of information about another hub containing a shorter distance than it has seen so far, it will remember both the distance and the hub from which the information was obtained. This way, we automatically create a distributed routing table with the shortest paths between each pair of hubs. This table is later used to forward application information (as will be described below). When an application is started, the virtual layer on each machine creates a single connection to the hub local to its tit. The location of this hub can either be explicitly species- fled or discovered automatically using JODI multicast. 3. 3. 2 Virtual Addresses The connection to the hub can now be used as a side channel to forward requests to otherwise unreachable machines. To ensure that the target machines can be found, addresses are used, consisting of the machine identifier (see Section 3. 2), a port number, and the identifier of the hub the machine is connected to. All requests for the target machine can then be sent to the local hub, which forwards it in the direction of the target